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Foundations

Backpropagation

Inspect the chain rule and apply a real gradient update.

Backpropagation works out how each weight affected an error, so the network can improve.

Why do we need this? A network needs a way to adjust many weights using one measured error.

Predict → measure → propagate backward → updatePredict → measure → propagate backward → updateInput layerHidden layerOutput layer0.7x10.3x20.1345h10.6225h20.4808Prediction
Positive weightNegative weightActive signal →← Backward gradient
STEP 1 OF 10

Inputs enter the network

The input layer holds the measured features. It passes these values to the hidden layer.

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